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1-Explain the physiological principles governing acid–base balance and arterial blood gas parameters.
2-Assess the quality and reliability of ABG samples by identifying relevant pre-analytical factors.
3-Apply a systematic approach to interpret pH, PaCO₂, PaO₂, HCO₃⁻, and related parameters.
4-Differentiate respiratory, metabolic, and mixed acid–base disorders based on ABG findings.
5-Analyze compensation patterns and calculate relevant parameters such as the anion gap.
6-Correlate ABG results with clinical findings to identify underlying respiratory and metabolic conditions.